Bihar, a state in eastern India, experiences a predominantly humid subtropical climate characterized by distinct seasonal variations. This climate is shaped by a combination of factors, including its geographical location, topography, and the influence of the monsoon winds.
Seasonal Variations
Bihar experiences four main seasons:
Summer (March to June): Summers in Bihar are hot and dry, with temperatures often exceeding 40C (104F) in May and June. The plains become particularly scorching, and occasional dust storms can sweep across the region.
Monsoon (July to September): The monsoon season brings much-needed relief from the heat, with heavy rainfall occurring from July to September. Most of Bihar's annual rainfall (1000-1200 mm) is concentrated during this period. The monsoon is vital for agriculture, replenishing water resources and supporting crop growth.
Post-Monsoon (October to November): This transitional period sees a decrease in rainfall and humidity. Temperatures gradually drop, creating pleasant weather conditions.
Winter (December to February): Winters in Bihar are mild and dry, with temperatures ranging from 5C to 25C (41F to 77F). December and January are the coldest months, with occasional cold waves bringing temperatures down further.
Regional Variations
While the general climate of Bihar is humid subtropical, there are some regional variations:
Southern and Western Bihar: These areas experience a tropical wet and dry climate, with a more pronounced dry season and slightly higher temperatures compared to other parts of the state.
Southeastern Bihar: Districts like Jamui, Banka, and Munger have a tropical savanna climate, characterized by hot, humid summers and relatively dry winters.
Kppen Climate Classification
According to the Kppen climate classification, Bihar's climate mainly falls under Cwa (subtropical monsoon, mild and dry winter, and hot summer), except for the southeastern parts, which are classified as Aw (tropical savanna, hot, and seasonally dry).
Impact of Climate Change
Bihar is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including:
Increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events: This includes heatwaves, droughts, floods, and cyclones, which can disrupt agriculture, damage infrastructure, and displace communities.
Changes in rainfall patterns: Erratic rainfall and prolonged dry spells can affect agricultural productivity and water availability.
Rising temperatures: Higher temperatures can impact human health, increase energy demand, and stress ecosystems.
Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies
Bihar is taking steps to adapt to and mitigate the impacts of climate change, including:
Promoting climate-resilient agriculture: This includes developing drought-resistant crops, improving water management, and implementing sustainable farming practices.
Investing in disaster preparedness: Strengthening early warning systems, building flood defenses, and improving disaster response mechanisms.
Promoting renewable energy: Expanding solar and wind power generation to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
Increasing forest cover: Afforestation and reforestation efforts to enhance carbon sequestration and improve ecosystem resilience.