Bihar, a state in eastern India, is blessed with a vast and complex network of rivers that form its drainage system. This intricate system plays a crucial role in the state's economy, agriculture, and overall well-being. The Ganges River, considered sacred in Hinduism, is the main artery of this system, flowing from west to east and serving as the primary drainage channel for the state.
Key Features of Bihar's Drainage System
Extensive River Network: Bihar's drainage system is characterized by a dense network of rivers, including major tributaries of the Ganges. These rivers originate from the Himalayas in the north and the Chotanagpur Plateau in the south, creating a diverse and dynamic hydrological system.
The Ganges: The Lifeline: The Ganges River, flowing through the middle of Bihar, is the backbone of the state's drainage system. Most of the state's rivers either directly join the Ganges or flow into its tributaries.
Northern and Southern Tributaries: The Ganges in Bihar is fed by several major tributaries. On the north, rivers like the Ghaghra, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla Balan, Kosi, and Mahananda originate from the Himalayas and contribute significant volumes of water. On the south, rivers like the Son, Punpun, and Falgu originate from the Chotanagpur Plateau and add to the Ganges' flow.
Seasonal Variations: Bihar's drainage system experiences significant seasonal variations. During the monsoon season (June-September), the rivers swell with rainwater, often leading to floods in low-lying areas. In the dry season, the water flow reduces considerably.
Alluvial Plains: The fertile alluvial plains of Bihar are formed by the deposition of sediments carried by these rivers. This rich soil is vital for agriculture, supporting the livelihoods of millions of farmers.
Significance of the Drainage System
Agriculture: The rivers provide essential water for irrigation, supporting Bihar's predominantly agrarian economy. The fertile alluvial soil deposited by the rivers is ideal for various crops, including rice, wheat, and sugarcane.
Transportation: The rivers serve as natural waterways, facilitating transportation of goods and people. This is particularly important in areas with limited road connectivity.
Groundwater Recharge: The rivers contribute to the recharge of groundwater aquifers, providing a crucial source of drinking water for many communities.
Biodiversity: The riverine ecosystem supports a rich diversity of flora and fauna, contributing to the state's ecological balance.
Challenges and Management
Bihar's drainage system faces several challenges:
Floods: The state is highly prone to floods during the monsoon season, causing widespread damage to life, property, and crops.
Erosion: Riverbank erosion is a significant problem, leading to loss of land and displacement of communities.
Pollution: Industrial and domestic waste pollute the rivers, affecting water quality and aquatic life.
The government of Bihar, in collaboration with various agencies, is implementing measures to address these challenges. These include:
Flood Control: Construction of embankments, flood protection works, and early warning systems.
Erosion Control: Afforestation and riverbank stabilization measures.
Pollution Control: Implementation of environmental regulations and wastewater treatment plants.