Geography

The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), with help from Gujarat’s forest department, is attempting for the first time a process to restore coral reefs using biorock or mineral accretion technology. A biorock structure was installed one nautical mile off the Mithapur coast in the Gulf of Kachchh on January 19. Biorock is the name given … Read more

Shale gas refers to natural gas that is trapped within shale formations. Shales are fine-grained sedimentary rocks that can be rich sources of petroleum and natural gas. Over the past decade, the combination of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing has allowed access to large volumes of shale gas that were previously uneconomical to produce.  Typical components of oil shale gas are usually methane, … Read more

India Meteorological Department (IMD) uses temperature data from surface observatories to track heat waves. IMD also uses various numerical weather prediction models to track and predict occurrence and intensity of Heat Waves. The following criteria are used for defining severity of the heat wave: When normal Tmax is less than or equal to 40°C and … Read more

Climate is the average weather conditions of large area. According to the koeppen system of classification , the world is divided into five climatic groups and 13 climatic types based on the temperature, precipitation and vegetation. The notable characteristics of Monsoon type of climate are as follows: The climate is divided into distinct 4 seasons. … Read more

Concept of sea floor spreading was given by Henry Hess which was crucial to establish the formation of different geological surface on the earth. The major findings were: The crust below the ocean floor was found only 7-8 km thick. The existence of mid Atlantic ridge was known, but it was found that mid oceanic … Read more

Isostacy:It is the state of gravitational equilibrium between Earth’s crust and mantle such that the crust”floats” at an elevation that depends on its thickness and density.Related to differences between oceanic crust, continental crust, and the mantle, is the principleof isostasy. In simplest terms, the lithosphere is “floating” on the denser, deformable,asthenosphere below. The addition of … Read more

a) Barrier reef: Barrier reefs are similar to fringing reefs in that they also border a shoreline; however, instead of growing directly out from the shore, they are separated from land by an expanse of water. This creates a lagoon of open, often deep water between the reef and the shore. b) Atolls: Atolls are … Read more

 Unlike durable crops such as cereals, pulses and oilseeds, fresh fruits and vegetables are highly perishable, and must be marketed immediately after harvesting without primary processing. Fruit and vegetables generate large quantities of valuable waste that ends up as garbage.  However, if they are gainfully utilized at the proper time they can become … Read more

The monsoons in India form two branches: the first, the southwest monsoon, sweeps from the Arabian Sea and drenches the Malabar coast of western India and then sweeps down towards Sri Lanka. The second, the southeast, moves northward around the same time from the Bay of Bengal and drenches Bangladesh and eastern Indian and then … Read more

Availability of raw material like iron ore, coal , limestone etc. An efficient transportation and infrastructure facility for import and export of finished goods. Availability of service sector , heavy funding is required and hence adequate availability of capital, Human capital for managerial roles Demand for iron and steel or the market has to be … Read more