Polity

Free legal aid is one of the fundamental rights guaranteed to all the citizens of the country. Article 21 of the Constitution of India states, “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law”. Hence ensuring legal aid to everyone is necessary for ensuring substantive equality. … Read more

Types of Government Interaction in e-governance. G2G: Government to Government  G2C:Government to Citizen  G2B: Government to Business G2E:Government to Employee   G2G (Government to Government): When the exchange of information and services is within the periphery of the government, is termed as G2G interaction. This can be both horizontal, i.e. among various government entities and vertical, … Read more

It is one of the components of ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) systems.  This concept of the settlement of disputes through mediation, negotiation or arbitration is conceptualized and institutionalized in the philosophy of Lok Adalat. It involves people who are directly or indirectly affected by dispute resolution. This system is based on Gandhian principles.   Powers … Read more

As a federal court, the Supreme Court decides the disputes between different units of the Indian Federation. More elaborately, any dispute between: The Centre and one or more states; or The Centre and any state or states on one side and one or more states on the other; or Between two or more states. In … Read more

In January 1957, the Government of India appointed a committee to examine the working of the Community Development Programme (1952) and the National Extension Service (1953) and to suggest measures for their better working. The chairman of this committee was Balwant Rai G Mehta. The committee submitted its report in November 1957 and recommended the … Read more

Lateral entry in civil services means recruiting personnel from the pool other than the civil service cadre and promotional cadre officers. Second administrative reforms commission, Surendra nath committee and hota committee advocated lateral entry into civil services. Advantages of lateral entry: Growing complexity in governance field like finance, administration, health etc requires specialisation in the … Read more

The President is the head of the Indian State. He is the first citizen of India and acts as a symbol of unity, integrity and solidarity of the nation. He is an integral part of the Parliament though he is not a member of either House. As an integral part of Parliament, the President has … Read more

. Article 29 provides that any section of the citizens residing in any part of India having a distinct language, script or culture of its own, shall have the right to conserve the same. Further, no citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State … Read more

The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is an authority, established by the Constitution of India under article 148, who audits all receipts and expenditure of the Government of India. The constitution makes the CAG the guardian of the public purse. Primary duty of CAG is to see that neither the union government nor … Read more

British colonial rule left them in gross suspicion and insecure and their ‘integration’ into Indian nation became a challenge as India had already witnessed the ill effects of policies of ‘isolation’ and ‘assimilation’ in past. So, Nehru and other leaders saw a middle path in form of integrative approach and said ‘tribal areas have to … Read more